22 The Definition Of Terms in the Operating Systems and Communication

Abbreviated ARP Address Resolution Protocol is a protocol in the TCP / IP Protocol Suite responsible in performing IP address resolution into the address Media Access Control (MAC Address). ARP is defined in RFC 826.

1. DNS (Domain Name System, the Indonesian language: Domain Naming System) is a system which stores information about hostnames and domain names in the form of a database scattered (distributed database) within a computer network, for example: the Internet.

2.Nslookup is a command function is aware of information relating to a domain such as DNS Name servers and other.

Explorer and File Management

This article also introduces file management techniques for better file system structure for various

purposes.

Copy, Move, Rename, Delete

As with most other features of Windows, there are many ways to accomplish the same task. This section does not aim for optimal performance, but rather a solid foundation that is helpful for other computer related activities.

Navigation

There are many ways to navigate in Windows Explorer. First, let us start Windows Explorer. You can start Explorer in different ways:

Control Panel and Explorer (Win XP)

Control Panel
The control panel is the entry point to access various system level resources.

Services
What is a Service
A service an individual feature of the operating system that can be enabled or disabled. A service is often passive. Once enabled, a service responds to some “event” in the system. However, some services are “active”, and they proactively initiates operations.

DOS commands on Windows XP

Windows 3.1,95,98 and me are all DOS based, so it was appropriate to use the term  "DOS commands". However,Windows NT, 2000, XP, 2003 and Vista are all NT based, so the term "DOS commands" in this case is a misnomer.It is more appropriate to use the term "command line interface" and "command line commands" instead of  DOS commands. Anyway, this section discusses the use of DOS commands in the context of  Windows XP.

Getting Started
To start using command line commands, you need to start a command line interface (CLI). In Windows XP, this can be done as follows:

Batch Files

The previous post article discusses DOS (CLI) commands. That is a prelude to the an exceptionally useful topic: batch files and automated tasks. This is where the GUI lacks support and why skillful systems administrators are paid more.

Batch File Concept.

The term "batch" file is a misnomer. Essentially, a "batch" file is a text file that contains a number of commands, some of which you can manually type in the CLI. “Batch file” is a misnomer because the term "batch" often implies the lack of user interaction. In reality, a batch file can have basic text-mode user interaction. A more proper term is CLI scripts, or shell scripts.

Operating System Concepts and Terminology

Operating System Concepts

 For purposes of this book, we'll consider an operating system to be the supporting software structure on which application programs run.
This support structure includes the facilities to manage the computer system's resources and any utility programs needed to maintain and configure the operating system.
The heart of system administration is configuring an operating system to create an environment suitable for the applications that the users require.

One can classify operating systems into two broad groups, early and modern, based on an analysis of three key features:

• Ability to share CPU resources between multiple programs.
• Methods employed to control access to system storage.
• Methods employed to protect system and application memory from corruption.

Operating system Basic and Systems Programming

Introduction to Systems Programming with examples in POSIX

Process
A process can be thought of as a program whose execution has started and not yet terminated.
A process can be in three states:

1.Running: The process is using a processor to execute instructions.

2.Ready: The process is executable, but other processes are executing and all processors are currently in use.

3.Blocked: The process is waiting for an event to occur.
Each process uses a Process Control Block (PCB) data structure to store complete information about the process.  PCB contains the following information:

4.Process name and id, processor state (program counter, register contents, interrupt masks, etc.), process state, priority, privileges, virtual memory address translation maps, information about other resources owned by the process, etc.
 Concurrent Processes
Two processes are concurrent if their execution can overlap in time.

Operating Systems with Questions

Following are a few basic questions that cover the essentials of OS:

1.Explain the concept of Reentrancy.

It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.

Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.

Backup File/Folder on Windows XP

Backup, Why?
A computer and its components will, eventually, fail. When it does, there is a possibility that all data will be lost. The cost to replace the hardware of a computer is easily estimated. However, the price of the lost data, on the other hand,can be invaluable.
Therefore, it is important to establish good habits to backup the contents of a computer. This section discusses several methods of accomplishing this.

Microsoft Windows and the security

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems most commonly used on personal computers. It is the most common family of operating systems for the personal computer, with about 90% of the market share.Currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP[citation needed], released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Windows 7 for personal computers and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers.

Windows Operating System

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.

As Computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems.
Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.