Variables On Programming Language

When writing in machine code, machine addresses are used to specify where items are to be stored. The programmer has to keep track of what type of object a storage cell contains. Extending this somewhat, a variable provides an abstarction for this notion. A we shall describe shortly, a variable is bound to a tuple⁷ of attributes: (name, address, type, value). Other important concepts include the scope and the lifetime of the variable, as well as issues of the time of binding, scoping rules, and type checking.

Identifiers

Identifiers or names are not used for variables only. In a program, names may be as signed to such things as procedires,labels,types, and more.
While early languages permitted only single characters as names, most ALGOL like languages permit some string of letters and digits. The string starts with a letter to prevent syntatic confusion, as, for example, between a name like 10x and the integer 10. Names in COBOL, early versions of FORTRAN (through FORTRAN-77), and PL/I were restirected to uppercase letters, but mixed case is normal for many languages. One must be careful to check language rules, however. For example, a FORTRAN-90 compiler may recognize lowercase letters, but is not required to, so continued use of uppercase is common.

C and UNIX

As we have seen, C is intimately related to the UNIX operating system, whic is written almost entirely in C. UNIX is composed of a kernel, one or more shells, and a large set of service routines. The kernel is small, about 10,000 lines of code, which creaters a virtuals machine that:

1. Schedules, coordinates, and manages procces execution
2. Provides system services such as I/O
3. Handles machine-dependent hardware operations [Silvestre, 1983]

All but the set of machine primitives tailored to the particular computer on which  UNIX is running are written in C. The user rarely sees the kernel, but interacts with the set of procedures comprising one of the shells.

A UNIX system provides a variety of utilities such as editors, debuggers, and preprocessors as well as compilers for BASIC, FORTRAN, RATFOR, PASCAL (at least in the Barkeley version),C, and Assembler. Source code in any of these languages is first translated into C intermediate code before being translated into Assembler, relocatable object, and finally executable machine-language code.

Variables and Data Types

Imperative Language provide an abstraction for machine code. Variables act as abstractions for memory cells, with names replacing references to machine address. The entry in a cell is associated with some types. Computer languages generally provide some primitive data types, such as charachter and integer. In many cases the data may take some structure, such as an array or record, so such capabilities are also generaly supported.

A variable must be found to the properties associated with it. Aside from its name and associated address, it should be bound to some type and a value. The time of this binding, whether during compilation or execution, becomes important in understanding a language. When we add functions and procedures, we must consider also the scope and lifetime of these variables.

Microsoft Windows and the security

Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems most commonly used on personal computers. It is the most common family of operating systems for the personal computer, with about 90% of the market share.Currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP[citation needed], released on October 25, 2001. The newest version is Windows 7 for personal computers and Windows Server 2008 R2 for servers.

Defining a site in Dreamweaver

Dreamweaver defines a site as a set of linked documents with shared attributes, such as related topics, similar design, or shared purpose. A site would normally consist of the files associated with a web address. The site manager is the tool used for crating and managing the site structure. It provides for the creation of a remote site on a file server and a duplicate of the remote site on a file server and a duplicate of the remote site on a local computer.

Dreamweaver Introduction to web design

Macromedia's Dreamweaver is a professional hypertext markup language (HTML) editor for visually designing and managing websites and pages. A visual web editor is a tool that enables the devloper to create and edit Web pages while being able to see what they will look like as they are created. Dreamweaver is a product of Macromedia, whic has a tradition of creating software tools to help developers create media rich content for their Web pages. Macromedia offers other products such as as Flash, Authorware, and Fireworks. All of these products are geared toward high-end, professional Web page design.

Dreamweaver was introduced in 1997 and is currently available as version 4.0.
Dreamweaver 4.0 was created to meet the needs of variety of types of users, and has powerful capabilities foe professional web page design and developement. It includes features such as :

• Support for  cascading style sheets (CSS).
• Support for JavaScript and JavaScript debugger.
• Support for XML and other advanced HTML tools.

Find IP and MAC address on windows 95/98/ME

Find IP and MAC address on windows 95/98/ME

1. Click the Start menu button on the Windows taskbar.
2. Click Run... on this menu.

• In the text box that appears, type winipcfg. The "IP Address" field shows the IP address for the default network adapter. The "Adapter Address" field shows the MAC address for this adapter.

• Use the drop-down menu near the top of the window to browse address information for alternate network adapters. Computers installed with VPN software or emulation software will possess one or more virtual adapters.

Tips:

IPv4/IPv6 Addressing Notation

IPv4 Addressing Notation

An IPv4 address consists of four bytes (32 bits). These bytes are also known as octets.
For readability purposes, humans typically work with IP addresses in a notation called dotted decimal. This notation places periods between each of the four numbers (octets) that comprise an IP address. For example, an IP address that computers see as

00001010 00000000 00000000 00000001

is written in dotted decimal as
10.0.0.1
Because each byte contains 8 bits, each octet in an IP address ranges in value from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 255. Therefore, the full range of IP addresses is from 0.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255. That represents a total of 4,294,967,296 possible IP addreses.

Tutorial Introduction of Programming Language

INTERFACE

LANGUAGE PARADIGMS

During  the last 10 years, languages for programming computers have been organized into hierarchy of paradigms, the major ones being  those shown in figure P.1 below.

  A paradigm can be thought of as collections of abstract features that categorize a group of languages which are accepted and used by a group of practitioners.  A student who understands what distinghuises each paradigm and has some programming experience with distinguishes each paradigm and has some programming experience  with at least one language in each paradigm can be considered basically educated in the subject  matter of programming languages.  We will discuss the notion of paradigm, and provide descriptions  exemplied by existing languages in the chapters that follow.

• ORGANIZATION OF  THIS TEXT

This e-book is organized on four principles :

Windows Operating System

Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. As of October 2009, Windows had approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems for usage on the Internet.

As Computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems.
Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.

Data Types in C

C has two numeric types, int and float. A real can be double or long double, and an int may be short, long, or unsigned. There is a character type char, but no Boolean type. In C, any nonzero value is considered to be true and 0 false. Since C is close to the machine, certain nonprinting character constants are available, such as \b for backspace.

     Types derived from the simple types above are :

  
     Arrays      : [size]
  Example     : char name [25]


  Pointers    : *
  Example     : int *pn


  Structures  :  struct [<structure name>] {}
  Example     :  typedef struct {int day, month, year;} date;
  Or          :  struct hire_date {int day, month, year;};


Using the typedef for date, we can then declare: date hire_date; and assign its fields as follows:

     hire_date.day = 25;
   hire_date.month = 9;
  (&hire_date) -> year = 1990;


Note here the combination (&....)->.-> is a special symbol meaning "the field of the structure (union) pointed to by the variable on the left." Parentheses are needed around (&hire_date) because -> has precedence over &.


     Unions:   union [<union name>] {list of variants}
     unions are always discriminated, so no ambiguities can occur.  For Example :

Motherboard Introductions

Introducing motherboard or mainboard

Mainboard or motherboard is a collection / series of major electronic components of a computer. The motherboard is very important. Since all components lainseperti CPU or processor, memory, graphics card or vga card, sound card, hard drive, diskdrive, and others will not work if there is no motherboard.

One thing to be considered in choosing this motherboard is the use and allocation. If you will install four Pentium processors (core 2 duo), certainly will not be the same with motherboards designed for Mobile or Centrino Core centrino duo.
So, when will install the

FTP TUTORIAL ON UBUNTU

FTP is a protocol that is very old, but although it is still widely used for file transfers. Perhaps because of its stability and the number of client or application that supports file transfer via ftp, which cause the ftp is still very popular.

Installation
Install proftpd in Ubuntu, as easy as installing another application from the repository. How,
sudo apt-get install proftpd


We have a choice whether to run proftpd via inetd or standalone, select a standalone course. Once installation is complete,

Introduction to the history Linux

History of Linux

Birth of linux started by Linus Torvalds, a student computer science at the University of Helsinki, Finland, who worked on the project as hobby.
Inspired by Minix system ( Mini UNIX ). Linus developed a computer operating system like UNIX and furnish with application programs. Core operating system (kernel) are then named as the name of manufacture, or more precisely Linux GNU/ Linux.
(GNU is an acronym reklursif / repeat of GNU is Not Unix). Kernel, the starting and stopping application programs in it, regulate acces memory, network connection, and so forth.
Linux is now not only known as the kernel, but as a complete operating system with a collection of application programs and networks that developed aunder the auspices of the FSF's GNU project (Free Software Foundation), led by Richad Stallman.

Part of the Internet Protocol

At this time,, i will discuss about Part Of the Internet Protocol..
Let's get started without much further ado.
Some important prtocols :

• ICMP
• IGMP
• ARP
• RARP
• BOOTP
• DHCP
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )

Defenitions =>
Is a standard protocol that provides message delivery capabilities in the IP.

Example of ICMP Messages =>
Echo and

Basic Programming C++

History of C++

Talking about C++ are usually not separated from C, as the languge of this prodecessor. C is the programming language that can be said to between low beraras language ( language that is oriented to the machine ) and high beraras language (human-oriented language). C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup a decade after C.

Basic Element of C++ :

1. Keyword

Keyword is the identifier that has been defined by the language C/C++ which has a specific meaning and purpose in the program. Keyword is a word reserved ( reserved word ) mean reserved and should not be used for the other purpose.

2. Identifier

Identifier are names the determined by the program makers to deliver a varable name, constanta name, function name, name labels and other objects. General rules applicable in making the identification :

Classification computer

Classification of computers other than those I mentioned earlier, are still differentiated based on the introduction year.

The characteristics of first generation computers were as follows:

    Using a vacuum tube,

    Has very low memory,

    The size is very large,

    Requires a very high heat,

    Data processing speed is very slow.

Examples of this are the first generation computer

Way of job computer network

Information Technology (IT) has become an integral part of modern life. Among its most important functions are the efficient transmission of information and the storage and analysis of information. The workers described below all help individuals and organizations share and store information through computer networks and systems, the Internet, and computer databases.
Network architects or network engineers are the designers of computer networks.

KNOW INTERNET PROTOCOL ( TCP/IP )

In order for this intrenet network should have to apply the standard rules that govern them there because it needed an internet protocol.
History of TCP / IP
Internet Protocol was first developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1970 as the beginning of an effort to develop a protocol that can interconnect a variety of separate computer networks, each network uses different technology. The main protocol that generated this project is the Internet Protocol (IP). The same research that is

Architecture Network Model OSI

Model OSI ( Open System Interconnection) have been developed by Organization Standardization for international ( ISO) as model of computer communications architecture and as framework for the development of standard of protocol, consist of seven layer, that is :

1) Application
2) Prersentation
3) Session
4) Transport
5) Network
6) Datalink

Linux Command

1. sort: Sorting ASCII input based on sequence numbers
of characters.

2. Cut: Retrieving specific columns from the rows masukkanya,
specified in the option-c.

3. uniq: To clear up consecutive lines that experienced
Duplication, are usually combined in a pipeline with a sort.

4. grep: Filtering input and displays the rows that
containing only the specified pattern.
5. find: Find files or the directory.

6. ln: Create links from one file / directory to the file / directory else.

7. locate: Knowing where the location of a file or directory.

8. mkdir: Make directory.

9. mv: Moving files from one directory to another directory.

10. rm, and rmdir: Removes a file. To be able to use rmdir directory.

11. taels: defines a file according to the data on line,
By default the display 10 lines of file content.

12. mount: defines that each device can be accessed.

13. ps: Used to look at every process that is run
inside the machine and its process number.

14. kill: Send a signal to a process. So biased ordered if a process suspended, terminated,
or followed. But most often used to
turn off the current process.

15. is: Displays the contents of a directory and their attributes
file.

16. man: Provide complete information (manually) on command
base you want to know, even this command also
menyadiakan information about himself.

17. whatis: This command displays brief information about a
command.

18. cpio: Copying files to / from the archive.

19. pwd: Displaying the current directory.

20. touch: The command to change the file creation time.

21. Which: Shows the location of the basic commands that you wish to search.
This command can also be used to search for program files
the bias is executed.

22. tar: To mengextrak compressed file.

The Advantages Linux

1. Freeware for using the GPL license so it can be distributed for free. Even if there are Linux distros that are not free, generally we still do not have to pay expensive licenses to other operating systems are non-GPL. The average price is comparable to the cost of burning to a CD until ready for use. But there are some who do look very expensive. Obviously it is an exclusive edition distro with a very good package, and is usually complete with a book or CD manual use of Linux.

2.Interface and display better graphics and sharper images.

3. Complete and powerful, provides many functions for various needs, for example, create documents, edit text, edit images, worksheets (such as editing data in Microsoft Excel), creating presentations, playing music files, video, Internet, computer networking, and forth. For each of these functions, Linux provides a lot of freeware applications.

4.Stability, especially for computer network systems. While other operating systems often require a server reboot on a regular basis, linux server can survive without a reboot until the hardware itself is damaged. For use in personal computers (PCs) used any Linux rarely hangs.

5. Open source. By editing and varying the source code or configuration settings, we can customize the Linux functions in accordance with our needs.

6. Completeness various programming languages: Java, C, C + +, and so forth.

7. Kompatibel with a variety of computer processors, ranging from as small as a 3Com Palm Pilot until the machinery for Beowulf clusters (kunpulan of many personal computers are connected quickly to solve scientific problems). Linux is able to walk almost every processors like Digital Alpha, Strong ARM, the processor outputs Inteln (ranging from 386 to intel intel pentium 4), the output processor AMD (Duron, Dalton), Cyrix / IBM, Motorola 68X000, PowerPC (including Power Macintosh), and so forth. Compare with Windows NT that is only compatible with Intel and Digital Alpha or under Windows 95/98 that can only be operated on Intel, AMD, and Cyrix.

8. IF we have a second computer operating system, Windows Vista and Ubuntu for example 9:10, Linux (ubuntu 9:10) more easily access the files / folders located on the windows partition. But it is difficult even windows can not access the files / folders on the Linux partition.

9. Software N Hardware in Linux appear as files so easily accessed by the programming language. But in the process also access the hardware, users sometimes have difficulties. So this has become surplus as well as the lack of Linux.

10. Can read and write files in the format used by other operating systems, ranging from the OS / 2, DOS, Windows, Apple Macintosh, Unix, and others. For example OpenOffice Writer in Linux that can read and write in Microsoft Word format document files. (. Doc)